Grammar Essentials: The Complete Guide

Punctuation and Capitalization

Correct punctuation ensures clarity in writing. Key areas include:

  • Commas: Use to separate elements in a list, after introductory phrases, and in complex sentences.
  • Colons and Semicolons: Colons introduce lists or explanations, while semicolons connect related independent clauses.
  • Quotation Marks: Use to show direct speech, quotes, or titles of short works.
  • Apostrophes: Indicate possession or form contractions.
  • Exclamation Points: Indicate strong emotions or commands.

Conditional Sentences

These sentences express hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes:

  • Zero Conditional: “If it rains, the ground gets wet.” (General truth)
  • First Conditional: “If it rains, I will bring an umbrella.” (Real possibility)
  • Second Conditional: “If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.” (Hypothetical)
  • Third Conditional: “If I had known about the party, I would have gone.” (Past hypothetical)